在英语语法中,由“what”引导的从句因其灵活性和广泛适用性,成为构建复杂句式的核心工具之一。这类从句既能充当句子的主干成分,也能通过特定结构增强表达的准确性,是提升写作与口语能力的关键突破点。
一、从句的基本定位与功能
在分析具体类型前,需明确从句的核心特征:
例如:
> What surprised me was his calm attitude.
此处“what”引导的从句作为主语,指代“让我惊讶的事物”。
二、主语从句的构造与应用
(1)结构解析
典型公式:What + 谓语部分 + 主句谓语
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[What从句] + [主句动词] + [其他成分]
实例对照:
升级句:What we obtained is disappointing
(2)语义强化技巧
通过三种方式提升表达效果:
1. 模糊指代:用于不明确具体对象时
> What you need is professional guidance.
2. 强调焦点:突出动作承受者
> What destroyed the bridge was the flood.
3. 情感注入:传递主观判断
> What really matters is your attitude.
(3)写作优化建议
✅ It is unbelievable what they have achieved.
❌ What they have achieved in such a short period is unbelievable.
三、宾语从句的灵活运用
(1)语法定位
位于及物动词或介词后,构成动宾结构:
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主语 + 谓语 + [what从句]
典型场景:
> I can't comprehend what caused this accident.
> She explained what the procedure involves.
(2)歧义规避指南
当主句动词可接双宾语时,需注意逻辑关系:
> He showed me what looked like a fossil.
> He showed the specimen to me, which was what we needed.
(3)口语化转换方案
正式书面语 → 日常口语转换示例:
四、表语从句的逻辑衔接
(1)功能特征
位于系动词后,对主语进行补充说明:
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主语 + 系动词 + [what从句]
常见系动词包括be, seem, become等:
> The mystery is what caused the power outage.
(2)信息强调策略
通过倒装结构加强语气:
五、综合运用指南
(1)句型鉴别三步法
1. 定位从句位置:句首/动词后/系动词后
2. 分析成分完整性:是否包含主谓结构
3. 测试替换可能性:能否用“the thing that”替换
(2)写作进阶技巧
> What we've discussed leads to a new question...
> What the survey reveals is a 40% satisfaction rate.
(3)常见错误修正表
| 错误类型 | 问题例句 | 修正方案 |
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| 谓语缺失 | What he said yesterday. | 补全主句:What he said surprised us. |
| 连接词冗余 | I know what that he needs. | 删除多余代词:I know what he needs. |
六、实战演练模块
(1)句式转换练习
将简单句改写为含what从句的复合句:
(2)病句诊断训练
分析以下句子问题:
> The report shows what the manager needs it.
修正方案:删除多余宾语→ The report shows what the manager needs.
掌握what引导的从句体系,能显著提升语句的信息承载量和逻辑严密性。建议通过“分析经典例句-仿写重点句型-修正个人错误”的三阶段训练法,逐步内化这类结构的应用规律。在实际写作中,可先标注需要强调的内容成分,再选择合适的从句类型进行重组,以此培养精准表达的习惯。